The Incident Between Adrian Peterson And His Four Year Old...

This paper seeks to look at the incident between Adrian Peterson and his four-year-old son from the son’s perspective. There are no benefits to hitting a child and causing such undeserved pain and suffering. There is disagreement as to whether the problems with physical punishment are problems with frequent and/or harsh punishment or whether problem also exist with infrequent and mild level of punishment. This paper will look at the upbringing of Peterson and the incident and negative effects this incident had on his son. Parents have a wide discretion to administer reasonable punishment of their children. A parent may spank a child who has misbehaved without being liable for battery, or he may temporarily order the child to stay in his room as punishment, yet not be held responsible for false imprisonment. What does Corporal punishment mean? Murray Straus, a sociologist who has written extensively on the topic, defines corporal punishment as â€Å"the use of physical force with the intention of causing a child to experience pain, but not hurt, for the purpose of correction or control of the child’s behavior.† Some common forms of corporal punishment are: spanking, slapping, grabbing or shoving a child roughly or hitting with objects like belt, paddle, or hair brush. The debate on parenting is a very interesting topic. There are always two sides to a debate. Parents have viewed spanking and discipline as a key if not the key to ensure a child can survive and adapt toShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse And The United States3863 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Every year more than 3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving more than 6 million children (A report can include multiple children). The United States has one of the worst records among industrialized nations- loses on average between four to seven children every day due to child abuse and neglect† (National Child Abuse Statistics.). There are numerous children who are suffering from child abuse, but determining what child abuse is for each state differsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrievalRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pages PROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES, SECOND EDITION HAROLD KERZNER, Ph.D. Division of Business Administration Baldwin-Wallace College Berea, Ohio John Wiley Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by anyRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesthe publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ( 44) 1865 843830, fax: ( 44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’ British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress CataloguingRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesLibrary and Inf ormation Center Management, Sixth Edition Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran United States Government Information: Policies and Sources Peter Hernon, Harold C. Relyea, Robert E. Dugan, and Joan F. Cheverie Library Information Systems: From Library Automation to Distributed Information Access Solutions Thomas R. Kochtanek and Joseph R. Matthews The Complete Guide to Acquisitions Management Frances C. Wilkinson and Linda K. Lewis Organization of Information, Second Edition Arlene G. Taylor

Sleep And Sleep Sleep Schedule Look Like - 852 Words

If you have a roommate that comes back to your room at all hours of the night, this can severely affect your life as a whole. Sleep is essential to the human body performing in a variety of tasks. If you are constantly being woken up at various times throughout the night, it can have negative consequences on your impact to learn and your health. So what does a typical night’s sleep schedule look like? A typical night’s sleep is much more complicated than just closing your eyes and waking in the morning. As humans, we live our life on a circadian rhythm. This means that changes occur roughly based upon a 24-hour basis. This circadian rhythm plays a major role in when we get tired and decide it’s time to sleep. This rhythm is theorized to have helped us stay safe thousands of years ago. We would fall asleep during the time that their seemed to be threats roaming around in the dark. to Once we finally get to sleep, our brains and bodies are doing much more than layi ng in complete stillness. There are five distinct stages of sleep that we experience as we sleep. Each is uniquely different and serves a purpose throughout the night. The first stage of sleep is a very light sleep that lasts for 5 to 10 minutes. During this stage of sleep, you may not even realize that you’re sleeping. While in this stage of sleep our brains power down by 50 percent and produce theta waves four to seven times per second. We proceed to stage two after this. During stage two, our brains power downShow MoreRelatedSleeping Habits1419 Words   |  6 PagesGetting the right amount of sleep every night is a must if you want your body to function at its highest performance throughout the day. Over half the population in America has admitted to not getting enough sleep. Bad sleep habits can really have a negative affect on teens. There are some tips that a teen can follow to help change those habits to get a better night sleep. Hopefully after reading this paper you will be more informed on how to get a good night sleep. One of the most common tendenciesRead MorePersuasive Speech on Sleeping Habits Essay653 Words   |  3 Pages Today, I hope to persuade you to fight the statistics and get those extra two hours of sleep. Do what it takes to get the full seven to nine hours that is suggested by the Mayo Clinic. I will discuss two problems. Why college students are not getting enough sleep and they ways sleep deprivation can affect you. There are many reasons college students, students just like us, are not getting enough sleep each night. One of the largest is the overload of responsibility. The student is now independentRead MoreA Goodnight Sleep: Is Co-Sleeping a Good Idea? Essay646 Words   |  3 Pagesparent has the decision to co-sleep (sharing a bed with your baby), its weather they do or not that counts. There are reasons parents decide for or against, for example; if you’re a heavy sleeper, you might accidently roll over and suffocate your child. You might not realize that something like could happen, but it can. â€Å"Most parents just figure it will be easier for them, it’s not like every parent of a newborn is going to spend hours re-searching reasons not to co-sleep† (lifescience) The way a childRead MoreEffects of Alcohol Use on Sleep and Academic Performance on College Students611 Words   |  3 Pagesit is and it’s can be highly abused. Jose Cuervo tequila has an ad that shows three young people that look to be about in their mid-twenties and it has a tagline that says â€Å"Live. Laugh. Love. Sleep later.† What seems to be the most misleading thing about this ad is the tagline because it’s basically trying to say drinking their alcohol will make you live, laugh, and love without needing to sleep, so put it off till later. Their motivation is to relate to young people and make them want to buy theirRead MoreThe Effects Of Teens On Children s Life Essay951 Words   |  4 Pages Teens need to sleep more than bear who need to hibernate during winter for their own health. Teens need to sleep about 8 to 10 hours of sleep to function best and most teens do not get enough sleep study found that only 15 % do not sleep during school night. Teens natural sleep cycle puts them in conflict with school start times and most high school students need an alarm clock or a parent to wake them on school days. Teen are like zombies when they are getting ready for school and some teen findRead MoreEssay on Suffering from Sleep Disorder1451 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"He who learns must suffer. And even in our sleep pain that cannot forget falls drop by drop upon the heart, and in our own despair, against our will, comes wisdom to us by the awful grace of God†. Said by: Aeschylus. To me this simply mean don’t do something which you are not comfortable with. When you do something bad it might not affect you at the beginning but it will affect you later in your li fe. For example in the play Shakespeare Macbeth had Banquo murder so he could become king and heRead MoreEffects Of Sleep On College Students1481 Words   |  6 Pagesin College: Consequences of a decline sleep in College Students Everyone knows a movie, where college students are out all night and they are not in their room sleeping. That one movie, where the students come back late and realize they have class at seven in the morning. There are several reasons why students are not getting the recommended hours of sleep; some examples are being out all night, studying the whole night, and being unable to sleep at night. Sleep is essential to live a healthy life;Read MoreShift Work, Sleep Disorders, Health And Safety1409 Words   |  6 PagesSHIFT WORK, SLEEP DISORDERS, HEALTH AND SAFETY IN POLICE OFFICERS Police work has demanding schedules characterized by long hours, recurrent night shifts and significant overtime. The insufficient rest or irregular sleep patterns, combined with the stress of the job, can lead to sleep deprivation and possible sleep disorders. All of this contributes to law enforcement officers having one of the highest rates of on-the-job injury and illness. The work is inherently risky, and officers face theRead MoreAdolescents Today Face A Widespread Chronic Health Problem : Sleep Deprivation1566 Words   |  7 PagesAdolescents today face a widespread chronic health problem: sleep deprivation. Research shows that getting enough sleep is a biological necessity. Sleep is essential for a person’s health and wellbeing, according to the National Sleep Foundation (NSF). Teens are among those least likely to get enough sleep; while they need on average 9 1/4 hours of sleep per night for optimal performance and health and brain development, teens average fewer than 7 hours per school night, and most report feeling tiredRead MoreFor My Topic I Want To Be Addressing Sleep. I Chose This1740 Words   |  7 Pagesto be addressing sleep. I chose this topic because I love to sleep and I think it is interesting to find out more about why we need sleep and other things about this topic. Everyone experiences sleep so this topic can relate to e veryone. It is interesting to see why the body needs sleep and what happens to it when there is a lack of it. I’ve watched many sciences shows about sleep and I have always found it an interesting topic. Until the 1950s, a great many people considered sleep a passive, inactive

Poetic Terminology Essay Example For Students

Poetic Terminology Essay Ballad-a song of sorts with two or more stanzas, sung to a melody, generally of romantic character 7. Blank verse- nurturing verse, generally put in iambic pentameter [EX: The Ball Poem By John Ferryman What is the boy now, who has lost his ball/What, what is he to do? I saw it go/Merrily bouncing, down the street, and then/Merrily over-there it is in the water! ] 8. Concrete poetry- the typographical arrangement of the poem Is as Important as the content of the poem Itself LEG: The author Ellen Hopkins writes concrete poetry In all of her books-?crank, Burned, Impulse, Glass, Identical, and Tricks. ] 9. Connotation- implied meaning associated with certain words LEG: Cheap has a negative connotation, implying that someone is too tight with money. Economical has a positive connotation, implying that someone spends their money wisely. 10. Denotation- literal definition of words 11. Dactyl- In essence, the opposite of anapest. One long or stressed syllable, followed by two short or unstressed syllables. LEG: Basketball Is an example of a dactyl. Baa-skeet-ball (short syllables bold, long syllables underlined)] 12. Diction-a way of speaking, where the specific choice of words makes one sound better, more intelligent. 13. Dramatic monologue- One perso n performs a speech that defines a certain theatrical moment. 14. English sonnet (Shakespearean sonnet) (what is rhyme scheme and how are the 14 lines split)- An English sonnet Is a song following strict Shakespearean sonnets generally have a rhyming scheme of a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g- g. The last two lines are a couplet. 15. Italian sonnet- Patriarchate sonnet) (what is rhyme scheme and how are the 14 lines split)- The structure is based in parts of an argument: proposition describing the problem then proposes the solution. The ninth line is generally known for being the turn from problem to resolution. It is also traditionally in iambic pentameter as well as English sonnets. The pattern in Italian sonnets starts with a-b-b-a, a-b-b-a, has two options for the middle: c-d-e-c-d-e or c-d-c-c-d-c. 16. Elegy-a melancholy, or plaintive poem generally mourning someone who is dead. [EX: Walt Whitman O Captain! My Captain! Here Captain! Dear father! /This arm is beneath your head;/let is some dream that on deck,] Youve fallen cold and dead] 17. Metaphor- figure of speech that describes something through comparison to something entirely unrelated otherwise. 18. Epic- Traditionally long, it narrates the adventures or lives of heroes fighting their adversaries. 19. Epigram- Satirical and memorable statement, that is brief and interesting. 21. Imagery- descriptive language, written to paint a picture. 22. Iamb-metrical foot in poetry. [EX: Some words that are an iamb would be: behold, amuse, depict, destroy, or insist.

Tobacco Pushing Tobacco free essay sample

Tobacco Author And Page Information †¢ by Anup Shah †¢ This Page  Last Updated Wednesday, July 02, 2008 †¢ This page:http://www. globalissues. org/article/533/tobacco. †¢ To print all information e. g. expanded side notes, shows alternative links, use the print version: o http://www. globalissues. org/print/article/533 Tobacco and smoking have a number of negative effects: †¢ Tobacco smoking  kills †¢ Tobacco  exacerbates poverty †¢ Tobacco  contributes to world hunger  by diverting prime land away from food production †¢ Tobacco production  damages the environment Tobacco  reduces economic productivity †¢ While the Tobacco industry may employ people, this can be considered  an example of â€Å"wasted labor†, capital and resources. When governments and organizations have attempted to control tobacco (for example, where it is used, or how it is advertised), the tobacco industry uses its enormous resources to derail or weaken laws and agreements. These issues are introduced below. This web page has the following sub-sections: 1. Tobacco Smoking Kills 2. Tobacco Exacerbates Poverty 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Tobacco Pushing Tobacco or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tobacco Contributes To World Hunger, Diverting Prime Land From Food Production 4. Tobacco Production Damages The Environment 5. Tobacco Reduces Economic Productivity 6. The Framework Convention On Tobacco Control 7. Tobacco Industry Hitting Back 1. Expanding Third World Markets 2. Targeting Children, Teenagers And Women 3. Public Relations And WHO-Discrediting Campaigns 4. Corruption 5. Tobacco Companies Accused Of Attempting To Undermine Tobacco Treaty 8. Wasted Wealth, Resources And Labor 9. Free Choice? 10. More Information Tobacco Smoking Kills The world’s premier health organization, the World Health Organization (WHO) is quite blunt about the impacts of tobacco and smoking: †¢ Tobacco is the second major cause of death in the world. o It is currently responsible for the death of 1 in 10 adults o It is the leading  preventable  causes of all deaths o It kills Tobacco up to half of its regular users. o In 2005, tobacco caused 5. 4 million deaths (1 every 6 seconds) o If current smoking patterns continue, it will cause some 8 million deaths each year by 2030 o Tobacco caused 100 million deaths in the 20th century. At current trends up to one billion will die in the 21st century. †¢ An estimated 1. 3 billion people smoke o 84% of all smokers live in developing and transitional economy countries o Most people start smoking before the age of 18; almost a quarter of these individuals begin using tobacco before the age of 10 o 47. 5% of all men smoke compared to 10. 3% of women. †¢ Tobacco is the fourth most common risk factor for disease worldwide. †¢ Tobacco is deadly in any form or disguise: Cigarettes, pipes, bidies, kreteks, clove cigarettes, snus, snuff, smokeless, cigars†¦ o Mild, light, low tar, full flavor, fruit flavored, chocolate flavored, natural, additive-free, organic cigarettes, PREPS (Potentially Reduced-Exposure Products), harm-reduced†¦ †¢ An estimated 200,000 workers die every year due to exposure to smoke at work; The US Environmental Protection Agency estimates that second-hand smoke is responsible for about 3000 lung cancer deaths annually among non-smokers in the country. †¢ In 2000, fire caused by tobacco smoking caused 10% of all fire deaths o 300,000 deaths o US$27 billion in costs Sources: †¢ Why is tobacco a public health priority? , WHO, December 1, 2004 †¢ FAQ  on the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the context in which it was negotiated, WHO, September 20, 2004 †¢ Tobacco: deadly in any form o r disguise, World No Tobacco Day 2006, WHO, 2006 †¢ 2008 World No Tobacco Day event, WHO, May 31, 2008 †¢ 10 facts about tobacco and second-hand smoke, WHO, May 31, 2008 †¢ The Tobacco Atlas; Costs to the Economy  [pic], WHO, last accessed July 2, 2008 Back to top Tobacco Exacerbates Poverty It is worth citing the WHO again for a summary of how tobacco exacerbates poverty: Tobacco and poverty are inextricably linked. Many studies have shown that in the poorest households in some low-income countries as much as 10% of total household expenditure is on tobacco [and therefore] less money to spend on basic items such as food, education and health care. In addition to its direct health effects, tobacco leads to malnutrition, increased health care costs and premature death. It also contributes to a higher illiteracy rate, since money that could have been used for education is spent on tobacco instead. Tobacco’s role in exacerbating poverty has been largely ignored by researchers in both fields. —  Why is tobacco a public health priority? , World Health Organization, December 1, 2004 John Madeley also notes in his book,  Big Business Poor People  (Zed Books, 1999), that heavy advertising of tobacco by Transnational Corporations (TNCs) can â€Å"convince the poor to smoke more, and to use money they might have spent on food or health care, to buy cigarettes instead. Back to top Tobacco Contributes To World Hunger, Diverting Prime Land From Food Production Smoking also contributes to world hunger as the tobacco industry diverts huge amounts of land from producing food to producing tobacco as John Madely also notes: Dr Judith MacKay, Director of the Asian Consultancy on Tobacco Control in Hong Kong, claims that tobacco’s â€Å"m inor† use of land denies 10 to 20 million people of food. â€Å"Where food has to be imported because rich farmland is being diverted to tobacco production, the government will have to bear the cost of food imports,† she points out. The bottom line for governments of developing countries is that the net economic costs of tobacco are profoundly negative—the cost of treatment, disability and death exceeds the economic benefits to producers by at least US$200 billion annually â€Å"with one third of this loss being incurred by developing countries†. —  John Madeley, Big Business Poor Peoples; The Impact of Transnational Corporations on the World’s Poor, (Zed Books, 1999) pp. 53, 57 Back to top Tobacco Production Damages The Environment Madeley also describes in detail other impacts on land from tobacco use: The land that has been destroyed or degraded to grow tobacco has affects on nearby farms. As forests, for example, are cleared to make way for tobacco plantations, then the soil protection it provides is lost and is more likely to be washed away in heavy rains. This can lead to soil degradation and failing yields. †¢ A lot of wood is also needed to cure tobacco leaves. †¢ Tobacco uses up more water, and has more pesticides applied to it, further affecting water supplies. These water supplies are further depleted by the tobacco industry recommending the planting of quick growing, but water-thirsty eucalyptus trees. Child labor is often needed in tobacco farms. For more detail, refer to  Big Business Poor Peoples; The Impact of Transnational Corporations on the World’s Poor, by John Madeley, (Zed Books, 1999) ch. 4. Back to top Tobacco Smoking Damages The Environment In  The Tobacco Atlas; Costs to the Economy  [pic]  (last accessed July 2, 2008), the WHO noted the impact of fires caused by smoking (10% of all fire deaths, killing 300,000 people, costing $27 billion). It also noted that 1987 saw the world’s worst forest fire caused by cigarettes happened in China in 1987, killing 300 people, making 5,000 homeless, and destroying 1. million hectares of land. This hints at the side-effects of tobacco use; costly forest fires which often make for sensational headlines, especially in dry, hot conditions. With increasing concern about climate change, the extra carbon dioxide released by such forest fires does not help. There are also other less direct impacts to the environment. For example, †¢ The resources required to make cigarette lighters and related products, to package and sell them †¢ The resources required to box and package obacco products †¢ The resources required to employ people working in the industry, to advertise and market the products †¢ etc. (Many lighters are made from plastics and require a small amount of fuel. In the vast quanitities they are produced these small amounts of oil and related products that go into these can add up. As people are getting jittery about high oil prices, clean energy and so on, these kind of things add to those concerns, even if this is not seen as a priority concern. ) Given that tobacco use has no benefit for society, these costs further highlight wasted resources. While tobacco companies are somewhat held to account for the additional costs to people’s health, they are rarely held accountable for promoting products which have these additional consequences. Tobacco Reduces Economic Productivity Summarizing from the WHO again: The economic costs of tobacco use are equally devastating. In addition to the high public health costs of treating tobacco-caused diseases, tobacco kills people at the height of their productivity, depriving families of breadwinners and nations of a healthy workforce. Tobacco users are also less productive while they are alive due to increased sickness. A 1994 report estimated that the use of tobacco resulted in an annual global net loss of US$ 200 thousand million, a third of this loss being in developing countries. —  Why is tobacco a public health priority? , World Health Organization, December 1, 2004 A report by the  Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids  says that from a socioeconomic and environmental perspective,  there is little benefit in tobacco growing  [pic], and that â€Å"While a few large-scale tobacco growers have prospered, the vast majority of tobacco growers in the Global South barely eke out a living toiling for the companies. Furthermore, â€Å"the cigarette companies continue to downplay or ignore the many serious economic and environmental costs associated with tobacco cultivation, such as chronic indebtedness among tobacco farmers (usually to the companies themselves), serious environmental destruction caused by tobacco farming, and pesticide-related health problems for farmers and their families . † Back to top The Framework Convention On Tobacco Control The world’s first global health treaty—the  Framework Convention on Tobacco Control(summary), adopted May 2003—became international law in February 2005. Amongst other things, the treaty requires countries to Impose restrictions on tobacco advertising, sponsorship and promotion; †¢ Establish new packaging and labeling of tobacco products (e. g. ban misleading descriptions such as â€Å"low tar† and â€Å"lights†;) †¢ Establish clean indoor air controls; and †¢ Strengthen legislation to clamp down on tobacco smuggling. This treaty was adopted â€Å"despite a sustained campaign by the tobacco lobby via certain governments to dilute it—particularly the United States, Germany and Japan,† as theBritish Medical Journal  (BMJ) reported (â€Å"Tobacco Lobby Threatens to Derail Global Antismoking Treaty†, February 12, 2005, Volume 330, p. 25. ) Furtherm ore, â€Å"pressure from the industry has not let up †¦ the United States proposed a clear reference to global trade rules† potentially allowing companies and governments to attack the legally binding health treaty under trade laws, â€Å"even though the †¦ treaty gives governments the right to prioritize health over trade issues. † As the  BMJ  also noted, â€Å"poor countries are now more vulnerable to the powerful tobacco industry and need support in implementing tough anti-tobacco measures. In recent years, in wealthy countries, attempts have been made to introduce smoke-free legislation. In California for example, smoke-free laws were introduced in July 1998. As the Californian Medical Association’s president, Dr. Robert Hertza commented, â€Å"California’s lung cancer rates have fallen six times faster than in US states without smoke-free laws. † (â€Å"Smoke-free workplaces would hit tobacco profits†,  BMJ, Vol. 330, p. 325) This illustrates the potential of treaties such as this global tobacco treaty to save lives of millions. The WHO has defined a policy approach summarized by the acronym,  MPOWER, to †¢ Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies †¢ Protect people from tobacco smoke †¢ Offer help to quit tobacco use †¢ Warn about the dangers of tobacco †¢ Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship, and †¢ Raise taxes on tobacco As their report (see previous link) argues, these measures are shown to work and have a significant effect on reducing tobacco consumption, when applied. In a 2008  report analyzing global tobacco use and control, the WHO finds that †¢ Only 5% of the global population is protected by comprehensive national smoke-free legislation and 40% of countries still allow smoking in hospitals and schools; †¢ Only 5% of the world’s population lives in countries with comprehensive national bans on tobacco advertising and promotion; †¢ Just 15 countries, representing 6% of the global population, mandate pictorial warnings on tobacco packaging; †¢ Services to treat tobacco dependence are fully available in only nine countries, covering 5% of the world’s people; †¢ Tobacco tax revenues are more than 4000 times greater than spending on tobacco control in middle-income countries and more than 9000 times greater in lower-income countries. High- income countries collect about 340 times more money in tobacco taxes than they spend on tobacco control. Back to top Tobacco Industry Hitting Back The tobacco companies have tried various ways to minimize damage impact to their sales and reputation. They have sought to expand markets in other areas, especially the Third World as they find the First World slowly but increasingly hostile to their industry. Attempts at regulation are fought with various public relations attempts, and corruption. Four companies now control 75 percent of global cigarette sales, as sophisticated strategies for supply, production and sales have produced increasingly popular global brands. The onward march of Marlboro man epitomises this globalisation, exploiting the opportunities presented by trade liberalisation, regional organisations and the communications revolution. Control efforts are undermined by the industry’s success in developing favourable relationships with many governments, the magnitude of their foreign direct investments and the scale of advertising, marketing and sponsorship campaigns. In addition, large-scale cigarette smuggling, which comprises one-third of total exports, depletes tax revenues and further jeopardises public health. —  Controlling the global tobacco epidemic. Towards a transnational response, ID21 Insights, March 2001 Expanding Third World Markets In recent years, the damage caused to a person’s health by tobacco consumption has been confirmed, attracted particular scrutiny at tobacco firms because they knew this for years, but attempted to hide their research. Some countries, such as the US have had the resources and political will to tackle the large tobacco corporations. However, combined with the resulting smaller and tougher markets in the rich countries, multinational tobacco firms have intensified their efforts in other regions of world such as Asia, to continue growing and selling cigarettes, as well as expanding advertising (to  create  demand, not meet). And they have been successful, too. 84% of the estimated 1. 3 billion smokers live in developing and transitional economy countries as the WHO has noted. Targeting Children, Teenagers And Women Almost understandably, tobacco companies are compelled to target the young and women. Teenagers are future consumers often highly impressionable and in some societies with significant disposable income; for any company where brand and consumption of their products are important, attracting younger members of society increases the chances of longer term lock-in. With the tobacco industry, ironically perhaps, as their products kill their customers (or as customers try to quit), they need to find newer consumers. Younger people will take a longer time to die or quit, thus increasingly the likelihood of continued sales. Women generally smoke a lot less than men, everywhere. It can be deadly to unborn children, too. However, tobacco companies see women as an untapped market where there is more potential to increase consumption than with men. So, unchecked and profit being the natural motive for the tobacco companies, children and women are natural target consumers. For their  2008 World No Tobacco Day event, the WHO noted that â€Å"Most people start smoking before the age of 18, and almost a quarter of these individuals begin using tobacco before the age of 10. † An example of how self-regulation had failed was provided by a  documentary about British American Tobacco pushing tobacco to children in Africa, produced by the  BBC(which aired in July 2008). It noted how BAT’s own guidelines to stop selling to children in various ways were clearly ignored by itself in places such as Mauritius, Nigeria and Malawi. From selling single sticks (which is intended to target children), to advertising and promotions of the sort readily banned in most countries, to organizing events and popular concerts heavily branded with BAT’s logos and products, all pointed to BAT encouraging young people, as young as 8 or 10, to smoke. (A separate BBC article also  summarizes this documentary  in more detail. ) Another area where children are increasingly smoking is India. A survey by the WHO found that  nearly 17% of students in India aged 15 and under use some form of tobacco, most of them cigarettes. While public bans on smoking had some positive effects, this rise has been a concern, and the study urged that more be done to tackle advertising. Public Relations And WHO-Discrediting Campaigns The tobacco industry has gone to extraordinary levels to discredit the World Health Organisation and others that are fighting tobacco issues, a WHO report charges. A Committee of Experts had been set up in October 1999 to â€Å"inquire into the nature and extent of undue influence which the tobacco industry had exercised over UN organisations. † This Committee produced the report that â€Å"found that the tobacco industry regarded the World Health Organization as one of their leading enemies, and that the industry had a planned strategy to ‘contain, neutralise, reorient’ WHO’s tobacco control initiatives. † They added that the tobacco industry documents show that they carried out their plan by: Staging events to divert attention from the public health issues raised by tobacco use; †¢ Attempting to reduce budgets for the scientific and policy activities carried out by WHO; †¢ Pitting other UN agencies against WHO; †¢ Seeking to convince developing countries that WHO’s tobacco control program was a â€Å"First World† agenda carried out at the expense of the developing world; †¢ Distorting the results of important scientific studies on tobacco; †¢ Discrediting the WHO as an institution. Corruption PAHO, the Pan American Health Organization (a regional office for the Americas for the WHO) issued a report titled  Profits over People  (17 December 2002). Looking at the Latin American and Caribbean countries and information from Philip Morris and British American Tobacco, the report details how the tobacco companies: †¢ Were intensely competitive but collaborated in campaigns against common threats to the industry †¢ Hired scientists throughout the region to misrepresent the science linking secondhand smoke to serious diseases, while cloaking in secrecy any connection of these scientists with the tobacco industry; †¢ Designed â€Å"youth smoking prevention† campaigns and programs primarily as public relations exercises aimed at deterring meaningful regulation of tobacco marketing; †¢ Had detailed knowledge of smuggling networks and markets and actively sought to increase their share of the illegal market by structuring marketing campaigns and distribution routes around it; and †¢ Enjoyed access to key government officials and succeeded in weakening or killing tobacco control legislation in a number of c ountries. They also added that â€Å"these tactics and strategies are not unique to the Americas region. † Tobacco Companies Accused Of Attempting To Undermine Tobacco Treaty The non-governmental organization, Corporate Accountability International, reports thatthe tobacco industry is interfering with health policy around the world  [pic]. The report summarized as follows: Thailand’s case stands out as an impressive example of a developing country successfully overcoming years of powerful tobacco industry interference in health policy [by putting in place effective tobacco advertising bans]. In Nigeria, Big Tobacco is using its economic muscle to try to keep treaty ratification off the table for discussion by manipulating media coverage and influencing government agencies. Guatemala’s current situation exemplifies the need for Article 5. 3 of the WHO FCTC—requiring parties to the treaty to protect public health policy from industry interference—and the importance of being vigilant to interference throughout the implementation process. The case of Guatemala also illustrates a new variation of old tobacco industry ricks, where Big Tobacco tries to pull the wool over policymakers’ eyes by advocating â€Å"regulation† while drafting legislation that actually weakens or conflicts with the tobacco treaty. —  Big Tobacco’s Attempts to Derail the Global Tobacco Treaty  [pic], Corporate Accountability International, October 6, 2005 In Africa’s most populous nation (thus an attractive potential market for tobacco firms), Nigeria, the report was very critical of British American Tobacco (BAT): In Nigeria BAT’s tactics to undermine health policies include attempting to bribe journalists with cash prizes for favorable media coverage and giving expensive gifts to regulatory agencies and government officials. The combination of a misinformed public and easily influenced government is a proven recipe for weak, corporate-friendly regulations. Media is a top target in BAT’s efforts to misinform Nigerians. The corporation hosts expensive meals for media owners and editors, sponsors journalist association meetings, syndicates articles favoring corporate interests and tobacco products, and leverages its advertising power to stop the publication of critical articles. —  Big Tobacco’s Attempts to Derail the Global Tobacco Treaty  [pic], Corporate Accountability International, October 6, 2005 But there is corruption at government levels, for they target government officials too, the report added. â€Å"Common BAT tactics to influence government officials include intense lobbying and expensive gifts. † In Guatemala, the report accuses Philip Morris/Altria and BAT of â€Å"trying to stall or derail Guatemala’s treaty process† which goes against the tobacco Framework treaty which requires that the tobacco industry does not interfere with government policies. For further information in this area, see also the following: †¢ Corporate Accountability International’s Tobacco Campaign †¢ Tobacco: A Political Struggle to the Death  by Gustavo Capdevila,  Inter Press Service (IPS), May 31, 2006 †¢ Tobacco Treaty Gains Hard-Fought Ground  by Isaac Baker,  IPS, October 25, 2005 Reports such as those mentioned above show that there is a lot of political maneuvering by large tobacco companies to lower prices, to increase sales, etc. In addition, the poor and small farmers are the ones most affected by the impacts of tobacco companies. The hard cash earned from this â€Å"foreign investment† is offset by the costs in social and public health and the environment. In effect, profits are privatized; costs are socialized. Back to top Wasted Wealth, Resources And Labor While the tobacco industry no doubt provides jobs for many people around the world, the total negative effects of the industry and of smoking tobacco suggests that this is â€Å"wasted wealth† and â€Å"wasted labor. † Talented scientists and business people currently employed by this industry could potentially be working in other areas contributing to society in a more positive way, while agricultural workers could potentially be producing less damaging products, for example. As noted earlier, wastage also occurs in the form of deaths from fires, the environmental damage caused by forest fires started by cigarettes, the resources needed to package, distribute, and employ people in the tobacco industry, the resources needed to create additional products such as cigarette lighters, promotional materials, etc. In a way, there is also the extra cost of anti-tobacco campaigns! Arguably, without the excessive promotion by the tobacco industry, much time and resources would not have to be devoted by the World Health Organization and other campaigners on raising these issues; other concerns could then be given more attention. While people have attempted to hold tobacco companies to account for the health burden they introduce, they are rarely held to account for these other forms of waste. Wasted wealth  and  wasted labor  and wasted resources are discussed in more depth later in this site’s section on consumption and consumerism. ) Note that this do es not have to be an authoritarian ban, as free choice is still a treasured value. Instead: †¢ True costing of tobacco (factoring in health, environment and social costs, as well as additional economic costs that might be externalized) would increase the cost of tobacco products to a higher and more realistic value. †¢ That could help pay for dealing with the various damages. It may potentially deter those whose â€Å"free† choice has been influenced by the numerous public relations, advertising and propaganda of the tobacco industry. Some countries such as the UK do add taxes onto cigarettes, but largely to only cover health costs. ) †¢ Enormous PR related resources would be freed up for other needs, such as helping the tobacco industry clean up, diversifying into other areas, etc. †¢ Heavily-burdened health services would additionally free up, thus leading to a potentially â€Å"snow-balling† series of positive effects. A lot of this is perhaps wi shful thinking, as the tobacco industry would lose out a lot, and no industry would like that. Their size, power and thus influence, means that they will (and have) hit back in many ways to dilute effective action. Back to top Free Choice? It is often argued by those who prefer to smoke and not see more and more restrictions put in place that it is their free choice to smoke. Some will add that they do not smoke in front of children, etc and thus sound responsible. Yet, on the one hand how free a choice is it to decide to smoke? Advertising, peer pressure, modern culture, stress all combine to give reasons for people to smoke. A  documentary about British American Tobacco pushing tobacco to children in Africa, produced by the  BBC, tried to ask shareholders at an annual meeting what they thought: one smugly responded that he was for free choice and happy that the questioner lived in a society where he was free to ask such questions. In other words, the â€Å"free† choice to smoke was equated with the notion of freedom. This was just a regurgitation of marketing from tobacco companies that promoted similar messages decades earlier. The irony that this person â€Å"freely† commented this and had not possibly been influenced by such marketing, perhaps subconsciously, was not noted! Furthermore, it may seem like a free choice to only harm oneself when deciding to smoke, but second hand smoking also kills. And perhaps more remote than that is people half way around the world may be going hungry because land that could have been growing and sustaining local people is now diverted into environmentally damaging and wasteful tobacco production. If one does not wish to give up smoking because it is considered free choice, how about quitting smoking so others may have a choice?