'Impact of Sociology and Psychology Factors on Leisure/Tourism Activity Essay\r'

'Dyer, Gursoy, Sharma & group A; Carter (2007, p. 409) argued that touristry is prominent in Australia’s eco zero(preno(prenominal)inal)prenominal)prenominal)ic restructuring, particularly in regional and coastal aras. there be many aspects much(prenominal) as history, attitudes and culture to contemplate when defining the marrow of untenanted, though it is essential the altogetheriance of diversional activities liberate from any a nonher(prenominal) obligations or responsibilities (Lynch & adenineereere; veal 2006, p. 25). The issues state handst provided for discussion through this essay is:\r\nâ€Å"Australian govern ments, industry bodies and organizations oeuvre to promote unfilled participation through a range of event, sport, touristry or hospitality get laids. alone individuals halt the opportunity to go into in these leisure experiences and support reach from them if they throw a way the effort”. This essay embodies mental and soc iological concepts to gauge touristry experience. Following the essay, it exit analyse 2 aras separately. It is divided into three parts in sociological aspect which are snip, socio-economic and gender. In psychological science aspect, it bequeath emphasise on motivation and gratification.\r\nThrough the deportation of our study and research, the perspective held throughout this essay allow agree with the statement that â€Å"All individuals view the opportunity to insert in these leisure experiences and tin passel benefit from them if they make the effort”. Sociology Sociology is the study of the favorable lives of humans, groups, and societies, whatever clips defined as the study of social interactions (Osborne & Van Loon 1998, p. 3). That means all social activity is non only just individuals’, still alike connects with members of groups and institution.\r\nFor tourism, touring cars are usually stratified by geography, age, sex and socio-econ omic status (Dann 1977, p. 185). While this essay leave alone discuss the aspect of measure, socio-economic and gender. Time is one of the lynchpin elements in a tourist’s decision-making and pot must adapt themselves to the amount of cadence the tourist has operational at finis (Martinez-Garcia & Josep 2008, p. 1064). vacuous time is an important factor demanding tourism activities and a tourist will consider how ofttimes leisure time to save for the time to come, because leisure time has its legal injury (Gu 1995, p.239).\r\nGu (1995, p. 239) argued that â€Å"leisure time given up up today so-and-so be transform into additional discretionary income and saved for tomorrow, because non-regular working opportunities much(prenominal) as overtime work, second job and summertime teaching endlessly exist, and individual has the flexibility of allocating his or her leisure time amongst today and tomorrow”. Stockhausen (1998, p. 1676) argued that sight m ay be deprived of leisure as there are no time left after work and family obligations. If heap confirm too much work or housekeeping then they will non go to embark in tourism.\r\nMartinez-Garcia & Josep (2008, p. 1067) argued the amount of time available is limited and must be distributed, among other things, betwixt the time dedicated to travel and the time fatigued for work. That means how much time people can spend for tourism depend how much time they left after work. The socio-economic in any case impact of tourism on references (Martinez-Garcia & Josep 2008, p. 1064). tourism consumption not only requires amount of time but also requires a operative amount of money (Gu 1995, p. 242).\r\nthither are some negative socio-economic impact tourism, such as high spending tourists are believably to negatively advert people’s way of living; it is possible to change our precious handed-down culture; it is promising to result in unpleasantly overcrowded beac hes, hiking trails, parks and other outdoor fixs in people’s community; it is likely to put to a greater extent pressure on local services such as police and fire protection, utilities and roads; the price of goods and services are likely to increase because of tourism and construction of hotels and other tourist facilities are likely to destroy the natural environment (Dyer, Gursoy, Sharma & Carter 2006, p. 414).\r\nThe portion of gender, and the inequalities cor link up with this ideology, is most apparent in how a particular culture perceives the role of tourism as a leisure activity (Dunning 1999, p. 222). The women’s diversionary attack is constrained by patriarchy-the pervasive power of men in society. It is so easy to force women ca-ca no time to engage in recreation.\r\nWomen always consider a range of social or environmental factors before participate in the leisure activities such as arcticty, their behaviour and take of agree (Lynch & Veal 200 6, p. 377). tourism is one of recreation activities, so before join in it, they will consider where they will go, who they go with, there is safe for them and so on. Also, women always play the role as wife and mother, and then they should do the housework and cheek after children even if they got a job.\r\nIn general, women need of access to appropriate space for leisure, they usually have less leisure time than men, especially for those in paid employment, and then women have less see to participate in tourism activities. On the other hand, men have to a greater extent time and more chance to go to travel than women. Overall, gender influences individuals to participate in tourism activity. Psychology This section discusses psychological factors of tourism activities. In terms of psychology, tourism is reading material of tourists’ ideas and opinions about going on trips, about where to go and what to do, and about how to relate to other tourists, locals, service person nel. (Leiper, cited in Richardson & Fluker 2008, p. 6).\r\nNowadays, there are various choices of tourism experience which people can choose and sleep with, fulfilling their satisfaction. To exempt the facts cerebrate to psychological perspective such as why people look for tour and why tourists revisit the same polish, this section discusses tourists’ motivation and unavoidably, and knowledge next. tourers’ motivations play an important role in sense their behaviour. consort to Iso-Ahola (cited in Ryan 2003, p. 84), motivation happens when people unavoidableness to satisfy their necessitate and achieve psychological rewards with travel. As tourists’ needs are assorted, they can meet their satisfaction in different experiences. So, their preferences of tourism choices are also different.\r\nIn general, People need to escape and seek, for instance, they want to escape from routine such as shoes or work environment and want to experience new place (McCabe 2000). In addition, Maslow’s pecking determine of needs can be applied to tourists’ needs for tourism; physical needs at foundation (rest, relaxation and exercise), safety/security needs (friendship groups and jejuneness subcultures), love/affiliation needs (family leisure activities related to sexual partnering and team sports), social and self-esteem needs (exercise of skills in sport and cultural activities) and self-actualisation at the highest level (engaged in for their own sake) (Lynch & Veal 2006). For example, some individuals travel to relax and rest in order to escape their daily life; however, others travel to urinate enjoyment from tourism experiences.\r\nIn short, travellers can have different goals to achieve if they tour same place. There are two factors that influence tourists’ motivations; push and trust factors (Richardson & Fluker 2008). While push factors refer to socio-psychological motives, twisting factors are not f rom tourists themselves but the destination itself (safety, attraction, mode etc. ) (Goossens 2000). McGehee et al. (cited in Meng & Uysal 2008, p. 448) stated that male and female tourists are influenced by push and device factors in different degrees. In Australia, women pitch to be touch on by society, status and opportunities for family bonding, while men regard sports and adventure as more significant when they choose their trip.\r\nAccording to Burnett-Wolle and Godbey (2007), there are differences and similarities of tourism motivation between young and former(a) people; onetime(a) adults are not likely to be affected by acquiring career related experience and understanding others. However, both young and old people tend to be move by enhancing self-esteem, reducing negative affect, exercising values, and making friends. All individuals have their own characteristics so they feel other than when they visit same destination found on their tastes. There is a satisf action process which can be affected by expectation and disconfirmation. According to Bosque and Martin (2008, p.553), satisfaction is defined as ‘an individual’s cognitive-affective state derived from a tourist experience’.\r\n anterior destination image, past experience and brother tourists can affect tourists’ expectation. According to Maddux (cited in Larsen 2007, p. 9), an expectation can be defined as ‘the individual’s ability to anticipate, to form beliefs about and to predict future events and states’. In pre-purchase stage, people develop their expectation found on not only the image of destination (made by previous experience) but also fellow tourists’ opinions (Neal & Gursoy 2008). A positive image of the place will have an optimistic effect on the individual’s beliefs of a future experience.\r\nTourists are likely to rely on their beliefs or expectations. As tours are intangible, evaluations are too diffi cult. In post-purchase stage, travellers tend to compare the actual exercise with their expectation. If the actual effectance go bys tourists’ expectation, it is possible for them to have positive disconfirmation. Conversely, they are likely to have negative disconfirmation when their actual performance does not meet their expectation (Neal & Gursoy 2008). The satisfaction is affected by disconfirmation, emotion and comparing costs with rewards. despotic disconfirmation makes tourist convenient with their travel. And emotion can affect their satisfaction independently.\r\nThe emotional states will determine tourists’ reaction in satisfaction process because individuals’ enjoyment is based on their own experiences (Bosque & Martin 2008). Furthermore, Oliver and Swan (cited in Neal & Gursoy 2008, p. 54) argued that tourist’ satisfaction is formed by comparing costs (price, time and efforts) with rewards (benefits from tour). If they feel th eir benefits exceed costs they spend, they are likely to evaluate their experiences positively. Consequently, the high level of tourist satisfaction causes the stronger loyalty to the destination. They are willing to revisit that places and recommend to other tourists by word-of-mouth (Bosque & Martin 2008; Chi & Qu 2008). In conclusion, our society has been aware of leisure importance recently.\r\nEspecially, governments and organisations are trying to help all individuals to participate in tourism activities. A number of people enjoy their tourism because they are affected by psychology and sociology factors. When people travel, they need to spend amount of time and money. People should manage their time between work and leisure, and they can afford to go on a tour as well. In addition, gender dissimilitude of opportunities in tourism exists even though the sensory faculty has been improved. Because women are likely to consider social factors and perform domestic respon sibility. While tourists can be motivated by external factors, internal factors also affect decision-making of tourism activities. Tourists meet their needs through tourism experiences.\r\nAnd all individuals have different needs and motivation, so the types of tourism they pursue are diverse. Generally, tourists are satisfied with their tourism experiences based on their cognition processes, which are affected by their previous experiences and expectation. Governments and organisations need to not only motivate tourists to take part in tourism but also support all individuals to enjoy their tourism activities in society when they are willing to participate in tourism. Word number: 1818 words Reference Bosque, IR & Martin, HS 2008, ‘Tourist satisfaction a cognitive-affect model’, Annals of touristry Research, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 551-573, recognition Direct, viewed 2 October 2008, .\r\nBurnett-Wolle, S & Godbey, G 2007, ‘Refining research on older adults ’ leisure: implications of selection, optimization, and compensation and socioemotional selectivity theories’, journal of Leisure Research, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 498-513, business organization Source Premier, viewed 1 October 2008, . Chi, CG & Qu, H 2008, ‘Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: an integrated approach’, tourism Management, vol. 29, pp. 624-636, Science Direct, viewed 2 October 2008, . Dann, G 1977, ‘Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism’, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 184-194, Science Direct, viewed 2 October 2008, .\r\nDunning, E 1999, gambol Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation, Taylor & Francis, London. Dyer, P, Gursoy, D, Sharma, B & Carter, J 2007, ‘Structural modelling of resident perceptions of tourism and associated development on the Sunshine Coast, Australia’, Tourism Management, vol . 28, no. 2, pp. 409-422, Science Direct, viewed 2 October 2008, . Goossens, G 2000, ‘Tourism development and pleasure motivation’, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 301-321, Science Direct, viewed 2 October 2008, . Gu, Z 1995, ‘The relationship between interest rate and tourism activities’, International ledger of cordial reception Management, vol. 14, pp. 239-243, Science Direct, viewed 2 October 2008, .\r\nKlenosky, DB 2002, ‘The unpack of tourism destinations: a means-end investigation’, Journal of work Research, vol. 40, pp. 385-395, SAGE Publications, viewed 2 October 2008, . Larsen, S 2007, ‘Aspects of a psychology of the tourist experience’, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 7-18, Business Source Premier, viewed 1 October 2008, . Lynch, R & Veal, AJ 2006, Australian leisure, 3rd edn, Pearson, NSW. Martinez-Garcia, E & Raya, JM 2008, ‘Length of stay for low-c ost tourism’, Tourism Management, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 1064-1075, Science Direct, viewed 2 October 2008, . McCabe, AS 2000, ‘Tourism motivation process’, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1049-1052, Science Direct, viewed 2 October 2008, .\r\nMeng, F & Uysal, M 2008, ‘Effects on gender differences on perceptions of destination attributes, motivations, and travel values: an examination of a nature-based lose destination’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 445-466, Business Source Premier, viewed 2 October 2008, . Neal, JD & Gursoy, D 2008, ‘A multifaceted analysis of tourism satisfaction’, Journal of Travel Research, vol, 47, no. 1, pp. 53-62, SAGE Publications, viewed 3 October 2008, . Osborne, R & Van Loon, B 1998, Introducing Sociology, Icon Books, London. Richardson, J & Fluker, M 2008, Understanding and managing tourism, Pearson, NSW. Ryan, C 2003, recreational tourism: demand and impa cts, Channel View Publications, NSW.\r\n'